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A '''Hong Kong Favorite Administrative Region of the Humans's Republic of China''' (Traditional Chinese: ä¸è?¯äººæ°‘共和國香港特別行政å?€, Cantonese: , Mandarin: XiÄ?nggÇŽng, pronunciation), is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). These are placed on the southeastern coast of China. Hong Kong (likewise referred to as Hongkong, especially in the older times) has one of the world's virtually all liberal economies and is a major international centre of finance and trade. The previous British colony now administered by a PRC under the "one country, two systems" policy, Hong Kong is constitutionally entitled to a comparatively high degree of autonomy; for example, it retains its have legal system, currency, customs, treaty negotiating rights, like air traffic & aircraft landing rights, & immigration laws. Hong Kong possibly maintains its have road rules, with traffic continuing to drive on the left. Lone national defence and diplomatic relations are responsibilities of the central government in Beijing.
History Potentially though Hong Kong has been occupied since a Neolithic Age, a region okay, referred to as Hong Kong just began to attract a attention of China & the rest of the globe in the 19th century after it was ceded to Britain after the Opium Wars. Hong Kong was 1st visited by a European around 1513, the Portuguese mariner Jorge Ã?lvares. Ã?lvares began long term trading by owning a Chinese, & a Portuguese continued to produce periodical trade ends at various locations higher & down the coast. Kowloon Peninsula south of Boundary Street and Stonecutter's Island were ceded to the British in 1860 under the Convention of Peking after the Second Opium War. Various adjacent lands, referred to as a New Territories (including New Kowloon and Lantau Island), were then leased by Britain for 99 years, beginning on 1 July 1898 and ending on 30 June 1997. Hong Kong became the crown colony in 1843. For a number one twenty years there was little call for between the European & Chinese communities. A number 1 specially recruited Hong Kong civil servants to become taught Cantonese were recruited in 1862, markedly improving relations.
Tea, silk, and more Asian luxury goods were introduced within Europe per Portuguese, & per mid-18th century, these things were in high require, particularly tea. A British, challenging China's close monopoly on a tea industry, invaded China, winning the First Opium War in 1841. In a period of the war, Hong Kong Island was first occupied per British, & was formally ceded per Qing Dynasty of China in 1842 under a Treaty of Nanking. Hong Kong entered a dark age when you took the Japanese Occupation of World War II, which lasted for three years & eight months. Numerous Hong Kong population were executed per Japanese army when you took a war. A Japanese afterward gave up in 15 August 1945. the port was quickly re-opened & welcomed a mass migration of Chinese refugees in 1949 from either a civil war and the newly Communist government in China. Hong Kong got been a trade port ever since the British occupation, however its position as an entrepot declined greatly after a United Nations ordered a trade embargo against China following of the Korean War. Around response, the textile industry was established, taking advantage of a fresh pool of workers from either China world health organization were uncoerced to act for about any earnings. When you took this cycle, a economy grew pleasantly apace. Towards a Seventies, Hong Kong began to move out of a textile industry & grow its financial & banking economy. This led to possibly greater incubation, & Hong Kong quickly became one of a affluent cities in the globe. In a Eighties, whenever it became clear that a lease for the Just released Territories would presently exist as expiring, it became necessary for Britain to negotiate the return of Hong Kong to China. Pursuant to an agreement called a Sino-British Joint Declaration, signed by the People's Republic of China and the United Kingdom on 19 December 1984, the whole territory of Hong Kong under British colonial rule became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC on 1 July 1997. In a Joint Declaration, a PRC promised that under the "One Country, Two Systems" policy proposed by Deng Xiaoping, the socialist economic system in mainland China would not become practised within Hong Kong, & Hong Kong's last capitalist system and life-style would remain unchanged for even 50 years, or until 2047. Hong Kong would enjoy the high degree of autonomy all told matters except foreign affairs & defence. Hong Kong returned to Chinese rule at a stroke of midnight in 1 July 1997, with a previous governor, Chris Patten leaving on the royal yacht. A handover coincided by using a big shell collapse of land values inside Hong Kong, greatly damaging a bubble economy, as section of the Asian financial crisis. A l& values fell around a bit of areas by all over half, and a Hang Seng Index fell by over 1,500 points in 28 October, losing 22.8 % of its value around the week. Exacerbating a region's economic problems, Hong Kong was hit badly per SARS virus in the summer of 2003. In 1 July the same month, half the million humans marched in the big protest rally ever aimed at the food & drug administration of Hong Kong, voicing concerns just about the projected anti-subversion bill that would develop eroded freedom of the click, of religion and of association arising from either Article 23 of a Hong Kong Basic Law, when well as dissatisfaction by owning the unfortunate state of the economy. Regina Ip, then Secretary for Security, and Anthony Leung, then Financial Secretary, were forced to leave office inside 2004 under public pressure. In 10 March 2005, Tung Chee Hwa submitted his resignation as chief executive of Hong Kong. Donald Tsang, the Chief Secretary for Administration of Hong Kong, served as Acting Chief Executive until 25 May, when he, as well, resigned from either his post to participate in the campaign for the fresh Chief Executive election. As a consequence an interim government headed by Henry Tang, Tsang wwhen eventually elected as Chief Executive.
Politics and government
A Hong Kong Favorite Administrative Area is headed by its Chief Executive, the head of government. This professional is presently held by Donald Tsang, who was elected in 16 June 2005. Tsang experienced held a post of Chief Secretary for Administration prior. Donald Tsang assumed his post in 24 June 2005 in Beijing, China; he will finish a leftover part of Tung Chee Hwa's last term which endways 30 June 2007, according to a interpretation of Annex I and Article 46 by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. the election of a newly Chief Executive per 800-member Election Committee was expected to exist as held in 10 July 2005. In 16 June 2005, Donald Tsang wwhen acclaimed a winner, as a exclusively candidate securing the involved One c nominations from either members of the election committee. Tung Chee Hwa, a number one Chief Executive, assumed professional in 1 July 1997, following his election by the 400-member electoral college. For a 2nd 5-season term of the Chief Executive which began inside July 2002, Tung tree was the exclusively nominative candidate & so acclaimed. a PRC install a Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) good prior to a handover, & moved to Hong Kong to develop its meetings fallowing the handover. It reverted a bit of laws travel by the original Legislative Council, which was formed by means of universal vote. A PLC passed occasionally of its have laws, like a Public Choose Ordinance , which involved permission from either police force to hang on to a demonstration in which the total of humans world health organization participates exceeds Thirty. Legislative Council elections were held on 24 May 1998, 10 September 2000, and once more in 12 September 2004, with a next election scheduled for 2008. Based on data from a Basic Law, Hong Kong's "Mini-constitution", the present third term of the Legislative Council has Xxx seats directly elected from either either geographical constituencies, & Xxx seats elected from functional constituencies. A 1998, 2000 & 2004 Legislative Council elections were seen as loose, open, & widely contested, despite discontentment among the little total of in the main 'pro-democratic' politicians, world health organization contended that a functional constituency elections & a Election Committee elections (for 1998 & 2000) were undemocratic, when it assume that a electorate for these seats is as well narrow. A civil service of Hong Kong maintains its quality & neutrality, in operation forswearing discernable counsel from either Beijing. Numbers of government & administrative operations come located in Exchange in Hong Kong Island touching a historical location of Victoria City, the places of the original British settlements. The Right of abode issue sparked debates in 1999, when a disceptation on top Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 was the focus of politics withwithin Hong Kong between 2002 & 2003, culminating in the peaceful mass demonstratiin on 1 July 2003, after which the food and drug administration shelved of universal suffrage towards a prevent of 2003 & around 2004, which was the shibboleth of an additional peaceful mass demonstratiin on One July 2004. In 24 September 2005, twenty-five Hong Kong pro-democracy Legco members, a few of whom were antecedently labelled when traitors by Beijing & barred from either typing a mainland, crossed a border into a southern province of Guangdong, following an unprecedented invitation per PRC . A invitation was typically think of one of a greatest goodwill gestures from either a PRC to a Hong Kong democrats since the Tiananmen Square crackdown of 1989.
Legal system and judiciary
Within counterpoint to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow a common law tradition established by British colonial rule. Article 84 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong allows Hong Kong's courts to refer to decisions (precedents) rendered by courts of foreign jurisdictions and to invite foreign judges to participate within proceedings of Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal. Structurally, Hong Kong's court formulas consists of the Court of Final Appeal which replaced the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the High Court, which is made higher of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and a District Court, which includes the Family Court. More adjudicatory bodies include a Lands Judicature, a Judge' Courts, a Juvenile person Court, a Medical examiner's Court, a Labour Judicature, a Little Claims Tribunal, & a Obscene Articles Tribunal, which is responsible classifying non-cd erotica to exist as circulated around Hong Kong. Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive. A Basic Law of Hong Kong is subject to interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and this power has been invoked three times: the right of abode issue, an interpretation regarding post-2008 election procedures, and an interpretation regarding the length of the term of the Chief Executive. When around England, lawyers in Hong Kong are classifieed when barristers and solicitors, where of these could buy to practice when either 1 however not each (but these are conceivable to switch from either of these to the more). A huge majority of lawyers are solicitors who are licensed & regulated per Law Society of Hong Kong. Barristers, on the other h&, come licensed and regulated per Hong Kong Bar Association. Sole barristers are allowed to appear in the Court of Final Appeal and the High Court. Even as a common law system is maintained, so come British court customs like a wearing of robes & wigs by two judges and lawyers.
Geography Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and a New Territories. A Kowloon Peninsula is attached to a Future Territories northerly, & the Up to date Territories come successively attached to mainland China across the Sham Chun River (Shenzhen River). Within sum, Hong Kong has 236 islands in the South China Sea, of which Lantau is the largest. Hong Kong Isl& itself is a 2nd big and too the virtually all populated. Ap Lei Chau is the most densely populated island in the globe. A title "Hong Kong", literally meaning "fragrant harbour", is from either a front yard about present-contemporary Aberdeen and Wong Chuk Hang on Hong Kong Isl&, where fragrant trees were another time abundant and exported from either. A water between Hong Kong Isl& and Kowloon Peninsula is Victoria Harbour, one of the deepest marine ports in the world. A landscape of Hong Kong is fairly cragged to mountainous by owning steep slopes. A greatest point in the territory is Tai Mo Shan, at a height of 958 metres. Lowlands survive in the northwestern section of the Just released Territories. Hong Kong is Lx km to the east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl Flow of any stream estuary. Hong Kong has a land border sustaining the Chinese city of Shenzhen to the north. Of the territory's 1,102 km², only less than Xxv % is developed. A leftover land hwhen been reserved as country parks and nature reserves. Hong Kong's climate is subtropical and prone to monsoons. These are cool & prohibitionist in the wintertime which lasts from either about January to March, & is hot and rainy from spring through summer. These are warmly, sunny, and prohibitionist within autumn. Hong Kong at times has typhoons. A ecology of Hong Kong is mostly affected per final result of climatical changes. Hong Kong's climate is seasonal due to alternating wind counsel between wintertime & summertime. Hong Kong has been geologically stable for hundreds to thousands of years. All the same, flora & animal within Hong Kong come altered by climatical vary, sea level alternation & individual impact. A greatest recorded temperaturewithin Hong Kong is Xl degrees Celsius while the last-place recorded temperature is Cipher degrees. A typical temperature in the coldest year, February, is 16 degrees when a typical temperature in the hottest year, July, is 28 degrees. Hong Kong's climate is subtropical but half of the year is moderate. A territory is placed to the south of the Tropic of Cancer which is equatable to Hawaii in latitude. Within wintertime, hard & cold winds generate from either a northerly & cool a city; in a summertime, the wind's counsel reverses & will bring a warmly & humid air inside from either a south. This climate potty trend lines the tropical rainforest.
Administrative divisions
Economy A objective of Hong Kong's pecuniary policy is to maintain currency stability. Given a extremely externally orientated nature and severity of the economy, this objective was farther defined as a stable external value for the Hong Kong dollar in terms of a coupled exchange rate against a United states dollar at the rate of HK$7.80 to 1 United States dollar until 2005, when it was allowed to trade in the band of HK$7.75-$7.85. Hong Kong has limited natural resources, and virtually all food and raw materials must be imported. As a matter of fact, imports and exports (including re-exports) exceed a GDP of Hong Kong. Hong Kong has extensive trade & investment ties by using a People's Republic of China which existed even before the handover on 1 July 1997. These ties & its autonomous status enable it to exist as a middleman between a Republic of China on Taiwan and the mainland. Flights, investment, & trade from either Taiwan last across Hong Kong for to the mainland. A service sector represented 86.5 % of the GDP inside 2001. a territory, sustaining a extremely sophisticated banking sector & skillful communication links, hosts the Asian headquarters of many multinational corporations. At USD 24,626 in 2005, a nominal phrase per capita GDP of Hong Kong is somewhat lower than that of the foursome large economies of western Europe. Notwithstanding, it would exist as ranked 11th in terms of per capita GDP (PPP) in the world (USD 32,292), which is possibly higher than Japan (USD 31,384), making Hong Kong one of the richest territorial regions inside Asia. Incubation averaged a hard Five % between 1989 & 1997, although the Asian financial crisis around 1998 damaged a trade-dependent economy badly, prompting the economy to shrink by Five % in a year. A economy rebounded speedily, growing by 10 % inside 2000. a globe-wide spherical downswing & the Severe Intense Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) irruption reduced economic incubation to Deuce.Three % inside 2002. Thenceforth, a boom inside touristry from either the mainland because of China's easing of travel restrictions, the link to of consumer confidence, & the firm rise around exportation resulted witharound the recommencement of heavy incubation in late 2003 & 2004, by having rate of growth reaching 6% in 2005. To farther increase economic co-operation between Hong Kong & a mainland, a Individual Visit Scheme was started in 28 July 2003, which allows travellers from either occasionally cities within mainland China to visit Hong Kong while forgoing an attendant tour class action. Following, a tourism industry in Hong Kong is booming due to an exponential increase in the number of visitant from either mainland China. A upsurge is besides boosted per recent opening of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. The revival withwitharound two external & farm require led to the hard upswing in incubation in 2004, billowy to Eighter from decatur.Two % for the month. the domesticated sector wholly shrugged off its earliest sluggishness, & a general weakness of a Hong Kong dollar, while involved by owning the however mild dollars & cents and price pressures inside Hong Kong, has resulted withinside a strengthening in Hong Kong's external price fight. Additionally, Hong Kong's 68-year-long deflationary spiral, the hanker & greatest deflation based on data from Guinness World Records, ended in mid-2004, by using consumer price inflation hovering at near zero levels. Along using Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan, ROC, Hong Kong's fast-paced industrial enterprise earned it a place when one of the quartet original East Asian Tigers.
Demographics the leftover Four % of the people is composed of non-Chinese, world health organization form a extremely seeable class action, despite their little cost. These include numerous Europeans, North Americans, Japanese, and Koreans working in Hong Kong's fiscal sector. Comparatively pack British citizens remain, and a majority of the 30,000 British passport holders world health organization presently sleep in Hong Kong come of Chinese descent. There exists as well the crucial South Asian population, which includes some of Hong Kong's loaded families. Occasionally Nepalis residing within Hong Kong come Gurkhas, who chose to stay when their service to Britain, & their descendent. To a higher degree 15,000 Vietnamese, who come to Hong Kong when refugees, have turn into lasting residents, by using a majority of whom surviving in casual act. As much as 140,000 Filipinos work in Hong Kong when housekeepers, typically known locally when amahs, or feiyungs, sustaining more such workers from either Thail& and Indonesia. In Sundays and national holiday, hundreds to thousands one workers, a majority of whom come women, take in Central to socialise. A top terzetto sources of migration to Hong Kong come a Philippines (132,770), Indonesia (95,460), and a United States (31,330). Hong Kong is the fifth big metropolitan area of the PRC by population. Considered as a dependency, Hong Kong is one of a most densely populated countries/dependencies in the world, with an overall density of to a higher degree 6,200 humans by the klick². Despite a fact that a food and drug administration has been actively supporting locals to keep around kids (Hong Kong doesn't enforce the one-child policy of China), Hong Kong has a fertility rate of .94 children by the woman , one of a lowest in a globe, & far beneath the Two.Ace toddlers by the woman needed to maintain an potentially people level. But, people is day and night growing due to immigration from either mainland China. Despite a people density, Hong Kong was reported is intended when Country Parks and Nature Reserves. Hiking and camping are popular outdoor activities in Hong Kong's craggy united states parks. A irregular & hanker coastline of Hong Kong also will bring several bays & fine beaches for its inhabitants. Environmental concern & awareness is growing, even so, when Hong Kong likewise ranks when one of a virtually all (air-)contaminated cities in the globe.
Education within the main, threesome types of comprehensive schools survive in Hong Kong. There are government schools, which are then comparatively uncommon, & subsidised schools (government-aided schools, grant schools), begin by sympathetic (typically Christian, but Buddhist, Taoist, Islamic and Confucian as well) organisations with government funding, to which virtually all students last. Virtually all private schools come run by Christian organisations too; admissions are depending extra in academic merit than in fiscal resources. Outside this patterns come a schools under a Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) and personal international schools, which provide an alternative to the high-pressured mainstream education inside exchange for great deal higher tuition.
Culture a popular destination for shoppers from either either around the world, Hong Kong has all about to offer from the latest European fashion to traditional Chinese wares. Malls, emporium, & designer dress shop offer an amazing direct contrast to the bustling open-air Stanley Market and Jade Market shopping areas. Each territorial dominion inside Hong Kong has old-passe places that sell Chinese herbal medicine. A big concentration one shops is along Bonham Strand and Bonham Strand West in Sheung Wan, where a lot types of pills, plants, & dried brute come purchasable. Hong Kong has an active nightlife centred in the area of 2 major amusement territorial dominion, Lan Kwai Fong (Central) & Wanchai. Each areas come frequented by expats & locals like. For the extrthe quietly evening, a hike to Victoria Peak offers a outstanding look at of the city. There exists as well a promenade along the Tsim Sha Tsui waterfront, which is popular among young Chinese couples. Searching, the form of amusement for the population of Hong Kong, is potentially done at nightime when evident in the Temple Street Night Market. A city's ecumenical flavour can likewise become seen in the wide kind of culinary art available. When different varieties of Chinese selections, especially seafood, come virtually all popular, there likewise several European, Our contries, Japanese, Korean, & more eating house. Cultural dishes served within cha chaan teng and dai pai dong are also popular. A humans of Hong Kong require their food seriously & numerous top chefs have gotten to the city to flaunt their talents to these acute diners. The world famed Hong Kong International Dragonboat Festival, now called a Circus Capital Stanley Dragon Boat Championships, occurs as celebration of community that is televised globally.
Religion There are a select few fears that Beijing may interfere with Hong Kong's freedom of religiin later, particularly inside weak of the crackdown on Falun Gong, which is not outlaw within Hong Kong. A religious beliefs come attached to the region's 1st needs, which are then victims of the fishing community. Tin Hau, the protector of sea dog, is honoured using many temples throughout Hong Kong. A typical Hong Konger attend Taoist or even even Buddhist temples to appease a immortal &, ordinarily, to ask for compassion or proficient fortune. Gifts of food, and particularly fruit, are presented, & incense and paper offerings are burnt around respect.
Architecture Hong Kong's right-known building is arguably Ieoh Ming Pei's Bank of China Tower, completed in 1990 (Foster's HSBC Headquarters is another contender). A building attracted heated tilt from either a run, when its sharply angles were said to cast blackball feng shui energy into the heart of Hong Kong. Them whiten aerials on top on the building were deemed unfortunate when 2 sticks of incense are burned for the dead. Predating a Bank of China Tower, there exists a HSBC Headquarters Building, finished in 1985. This building is featured in numbers of of Hong Kong's banknotes. It was build upon the places of Hong Kong's number 1 skyscraper, which was finished within 1935 & was the subject of a piercingly heritage conservation struggle in the late 1970s. One of a big construction projects around Hong Kong & a world has been the freshly Hong Kong International Airport on Chek Lap Kok near Lantau, a immense land reclamation plan linked to the centre of Hong Kong per Lantau Link, which features three recently major bridges: the world's sixth largest suspension bridge, Tsing Ma, the world's longest cable-stayed bridge carrying both road & railway traffic, Kap Shui Mun, and the world's 1st major Foursome-span cable-stayed bridge, Ting Kau.
Transport Hong Kong has the extremely developed & sophisticated transport network, encompassing both public and private transfer. A Octopus card stored value smart card payment system may be utilized to invite fares inside about completely railways, buses & ferries in Hong Kong. Virtually all parking meters in Hong Kong sole assume payment by Octopus card, & Octopus card payment may be mass produced at various carparks. Hong Kong Isl& is dominated by steep, craggy terrain, which expected a development of unusual methods of transfer higher and down the slopes. Around Central and Western district there is an extensive system of escalators and moving sidewalks, including a hanker outdoor covered elevator formulas in the globe, the Mid-levels Escalator. Hong Kong has many different modes of public rail shipping. Them metro systems for a city are the MTR and KCR (KCR also operates the light rail system in north-west Future Territories), which are then operated per MTR Corporation Limited and the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation respectively. A tramway system covers a big front yard & is the merely tram system in the world process entirely sustaining double deckers.
5 separate corporations work franchised public bus services in Hong Kong. Double-omnibus buses were introduced to Hong Kong around 1949. It is okay, utilized most solely witharound Hong Kong even as in London and Singapore. Even so, lone-decker buses remaaround around apply for even routes by having moo require or roads by having lower berth carrying capacity & come utilized solely in South Lantau. Virtually all normal franchised bus routes inside Hong Kong work until midnight. Public light buses run the length & breadth of Hong Kong, across arewhen in which standard bus lines just can not email or even even don't email as often, quickly, or directly. Taxis are besides widely utilized throughout Hong Kong. 99% of cab inside Hong Kong redo in liquefied petroleum barking spiders, a rest come however diesel operated. Virtually all ferry services come provided by licenced ferry operators, which help outlying islands, new towns, & inner-Victoria Harbour. Them routes operated per Star Ferry are franchised. In addition, 78 "kai-to" ferries are licensed to serve remote coastal settlements. Hong Kong has of these active international airport, known as Hong Kong International Airport located at Chek Lap Kok. This replaced a illustrious aerodrome of the equivalent title at Kai Tak in 1998. When dreadful delays in a shipment systems in the number 1 couple of months, the drome today serves as a transfer hub for Southeast Asia, and when a hub for Cathay Pacific Airways, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong and Hong Kong Express. In addition, each Hong Kong International Airport & Cathay Pacific Airways have been voted best in the globe, in the drome & airline criteria severally, by Skytrax. Hong Kong International Airport serves more than 36 million rider in the season 2004. Access to the drome includes 'Airport Buses' or even 'Airbuses', These services attach a airdrome to the rest of Hong Kong. A Airport Express zooms rider to Central on Hong Kong Island in simply Xxiii proceedings. Recent opening of Sunny Bay Station of the MTR allows easy access to the Disneyland Resort.
Military
A PRC Central People's Government (CPG) assumed sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997 and stationed a garrison of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to manage its defence affairs. Although a garrison has there are no military significance, a stationing of the PLA troops in the vicinity occurs as important symbol of the PRC government's recommencement of sovereignty all over Hong Kong. According a Basic Law, military forces stationed inside Hong Kong shall non interfere using local affairs; Hong Kong government shall remain responsible the maintenance of public choose. A Hong Kong Garrison, composed of ground, naval, and air forces, is under the command of the Chinese Central Military Commission. A garrisin later on opened a barracks on Stonecutters Island and Chek Chu to a public to promote understanding & trust between the troops and residents. Under British rule, ethnic Chinese Hongkongers were allowed to join a British defence forces. Yet, since a handover around 1997, it were there is no yearn allowed to joinside a forces in Hong Kong.
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